Family guide
Families are the broad one-home groupings. Categories are narrower diagnostic tags, so a fallacy can belong to several categories but only one family.
Formal/Structural Fallacy
12
The argument fails because its internal structure does not validly carry the premises to the conclusion.
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Evidential/Methodological Fallacy
20
The mistake lies in how evidence is gathered, weighed, interpreted, or treated as sufficient.
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Causal/Explanatory Fallacy
13
The error concerns what caused what, what explains what, or how a process is supposed to work.
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Statistical/Sampling Fallacy
12
The reasoning misuses rates, probabilities, samples, distributions, or other quantitative expectations.
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Linguistic/Definition Fallacy
15
The problem is driven by wording, ambiguity, definitions, or verbal framing rather than sound reasoning.
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Conceptual/Framing Fallacy
19
The claim is distorted by bad categories, rigid framing, or confused conceptual boundaries.
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Comparison/Generalization Fallacy
18
The argument draws the wrong lesson from a comparison, stereotype, exception, or generalization.
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Relevance/Distraction Fallacy
11
The move shifts attention away from the real issue and substitutes something rhetorically nearby but logically irrelevant.
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Persuasive/Appeal Fallacy
23
The argument leans on emotional, social, or rhetorical force where evidence or reasoning should do the work.
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